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L: OH group on the Left You don’t have to memorize the structures D- and L- sugars are MIRROR IMAGES of each other (OH group in each carbon are on the opposite side of the enantiomer) but based on the position of –OH group on the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon We can recognize whether it is D or L Mutarotation Majority of sugars in humans are D-sugars D: OH group on the Right. 2- the farthest carbon from the carbonyl carbon. both have the same chemical formula but one is an aldose sugar and the other is a ketose sugar Example: Glucose (aldose) & fructose (ketose) Enantiomers: Structures that are mirror images of each other, and they are designated as D- and L- sugars based on the position of –OH group on these conditions: 1- an asymmetric carbon group.

of carbon atoms Functional sugar group Aldehyde group (aldoses) Keto group (ketoses) Further classified based on: Aldose Ketose Triose Glyceraldehyde (The smallest aldose) Dihydroxyacetone Pentose Ribose Ribulose Hexose Glucose Fructose  Isomers: Compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formula Example : Glucose & Fructose are isomers Epimers: CHO the differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom *Epimers are isomers but with different in one location الزم تعرف الفرق في الكربون اللي اختلفوا فيه isomers Epimers Aldo-Keto Isomers Enantiomers α- and β-Forms Example : Glucose & Mannose ( C2 ) Glucose & galactose (C4) Galactose and mannose are not epimers because they differ in more than one carbon atom Isomers cont. 3- The structure and function of glycosaminoglycans. 2- The main role of carbohydrates in providing and storing of energy.  438 notes  Extra information Objectives: To understand: 1- The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. Download Carbohydrates: structure and Function and more Biochemistry Exams in PDF only on Docsity!Carbohydrates: structure and Function  Important.